新概念英语第四册常识熟悉：Matterhorn man

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　　3-1. Modern alpinists try to climb mountains by a route which will give them good sport, and the more difficult it is, the more highly it is regarded.

　　【译文】

　　现代登山运动员力图沿着一条能从中得到锻炼乐趣的路线登山。他们认为路线愈艰难则愈为人们所重视。

　　【讲解】

　　try后接动词不定式，作make an attempt解，译为“力图”。by a route中by意为“沿，经”。it指a route。

　　【单词和短语】

　　regard:看待，把……看作(to think about someone or something in a particular way)。

　　3-2. In the pioneering days, however, this was not the case at all.

　　【译文】

　　然而在登山运动初创期全然并非如此。

　　【讲解】

　　in the pioneering days指在初创时期，指登山运动的初创期。

　　【单词和短语】

　　pioneering：创新的，先驱的(introducing new and better methods or ideas for the first time)。

　　例如：

　　the pioneering work of NASA scientists

　　(美国)国家航空和航天局科学家们所作的开创性工作

　　3-3. The early climbers were looking for the easiest way to the top, because the summit was the prize they sought, especially if it had never been attained before.

　　【译文】

　　早期登山者所寻找的是通往山顶的最方便的途径，因为顶峰，尤其是仍未被人征服过的顶峰，才是他们寻求的目标。

　　【讲解】

　　to the top是介词短语，作way的定语，指“到达顶峰的路”。they sought是定语从句，作prize的定语，指“他们追求的目标”。if it had never been attained before中的it指the summit。

　　【单词和短语】

　　summit：山顶(the top of a mountain)。summit另一常见含义为峰会(an important meeting or set of meetings between the leaders of several governments)，

　　例如：

　　The two presidents agreed to hold a summit in the April.

　　两位总统同意在四月举行峰会。

　　3-4. It is true that during their explorations they often faced difficulties and dangers of the most perilous nature, equipped in a manner with would make a modern climber shudder at the thought, but they did not go out of their way to court such excitement.

　　【译文】

　　的确，探险中他们经常遇到性质最为危险的艰难险阻，他们装备之简陋使现代登山者一想起来就胆战心惊。但他们并非故意寻求这种刺激。

　　【讲解】

　　equipped in a manner…thought是过去分词短语，作原因状语，修饰faced。at the thought后省略了of the manner。

　　【单词和短语】

　　perilous：充满危险的;濒临毁灭的(very dangerous)，

　　例如：

　　a perilous rate of inflation 危机四伏的通货膨胀率

　　perilous的名词形式为peril。

　　shudder at：对……感到惊恐(to think that something is very bad or unpleasant)，

　　例如：

　　He shudders at the sight of a snake.

　　他一见到蛇就胆颤心惊。

　　go out of their way to do something：特地;不怕麻烦地(to do something with more effort than is usual or expected)，

　　例如：

　　She went out of her way to help me.

　　她不怕麻烦地来帮我。

　　3-5. They had a single aim, a solitary goal—the top!

　　【译文】

　　他们只有一个目的，唯一的目标——顶峰!

　　【讲解】

　　从语法角度分析，a solitary goal和the top均是a single aim的同位语。从修辞角度看，作者以改变说法的方式达到加强语意的目的。这叫修正法(epanorthosis)。破折号引出被强调部分。

　　【单词和短语】

　　solitary：独一无二的(used to emphasize that there is only one of something)，

　　例如：

　　a solitary exception 唯一的例外

　　3-6. It is hard for us to realize nowadays how difficult it was for the pioneers.

　　【译文】

　　如今我们很难理解登山先驱者昔日是多么艰苦。

　　【讲解】

　　it是形式主语，to realize nowadays how difficult it was for the pioneers是真正的主语。请掌握It is hard for sb. to do something.这个句型。

　　【单词和短语】

　　pioneer:先驱(someone who is important in the early development of something, and whose work or ideas are later developed by other people)，

　　例如：

　　a pioneer of photography 摄影术创始人

　　a pioneer in the development of radar 雷达研制的先驱

　　3-7. Except for one or two places such as Zermatt and Chamonix, which had rapidly become popular, Alpine village tended to be impoverished settlements cut off from civilization by the high mountains.

　　【译文】

　　除了泽曼特和夏蒙尼等一两个迅速出名的地方外，阿尔卑斯山山区的小村由于高山隔绝了文明日渐成为贫穷的村落。

　　【讲解】

　　such as可以分开，如such places as…，这时as作关系代词，as引出的从句是省略句。such as不分开时其作用相当于like，表示举例。因此可以把such…Chamonix视为修饰places的定语。cut off from civilization by the high mountains是过去分词短语作定语，修饰settlements。

　　【单词和短语】

　　except for：除了……之外，

　　例如：

　　I know nothing about him except for the fact that he lives next door.

　　我除了知道他住在隔壁外，对他的其他情况一无所知。

　　impoverish：使穷困，使赤贫(to make some one very poor)，形容词为impoverished，名词形式为impoverishment。

　　3-8. Such inns as there were were generally dirty and flea-ridden; the food simply local cheese accompanied by bread often twelve months old, all washed down with coarse wine.

　　【译文】

　　当地的那些小旅馆一般都肮脏且跳蚤猖獗。单调的食物是当地乳酪配以常常已放了一年之久的面包，人们就着劣酒吞下这种食物。

　　【讲解】

　　as there were作定语从句修饰inns，as乃关系代词。the food simply…中food和simply中间，all与washed中间都省略了was。请注意，在几个并列分句中，第一个分句中用了be，后面分句中的be可以省略，

　　例如：

　　There are two requisites in interpretation：one is accuracy and the other(is)expressiveness.

　　口译要求有二：准确和明晰。

　　accompanied by bread often twelve months old是过去分词短语，作cheese的定语。often twelve months old作定语，修饰bread。

　　【单词和短语】

　　accompany：伴随，和……一起发生(to happen or exist at the same time as something else)，

　　例如:

　　fever accompanied with delirium伴有昏迷的发烧

　　3-9. Often a valley boasted no inn at all, and climbers found shelter wherever they could—sometimes with the local priest (who was usually as poor as his parishioners), sometimes with shepherds or cheese-makers.

　　【译文】

　　山谷里常没有小旅馆，登山者只好随遇而安——或与当地牧师(他们通常和其教区居民一样穷)住在一起，或与牧羊人或制乳酪者住在一起。

　　【讲解】

　　wherever they could作地点状语，修饰found。could后省略了find shelter。sometimes with两词之间省略了they found shelter。found shelter with…与……住在一起，这里的破折号引出被强调的部分。

　　【单词和短语】

　　boast：以拥有……而自豪(if a place, object, or organization boasts something, it has something that is very good)，

　　例如：

　　A fishing village 30 years ago, it now boasts 150 major hotels.

　　那地方30年前还是个渔村，现已为拥有150家大宾馆而自豪。

　　3-10. Invariably the background was the same: dirt and poverty, and very uncomfortable.

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