新概念英语第四册手册【Lesson13、14、15】

　　新概念英语第四册手册【Lesson13、14、15】已发布，欢迎大家查看。新概念英语第四册内容主要针对的是基础比较薄弱的同学，为了方便同学们可以更好地巩固英语基础，小编还整理了新概念英语第四册课文、新概念英语第四册音频相关内容，便于同学们一起学习!

　　Lesson 13

　　The search for oil

　　探寻石油

　　What do oilmen want to achieve as soon as they strike oil?

　　The deepest holes of all made for oil, and they go down to as much as 25,0000 feet. Butwe not need to send men down to get the oil our, as we must with other mineral deposits. Theholes are only borings, less than a foot in diameter. My particular experience is largely inoil, and the search for oil has done more to improve deep drilling than any other miningactivity. When is has been decided where we are going to drill, we put up at the surface anoil derrick. It has to be tall because it is like a giant block and tackle, and we have tolower into the ground and haul out of the ground great lengths of drill pipe which arerotated by an engine at the top and are fitted with a cutting bit at the bottom.The geologist needs to know what rocks the drill has reached, so every so often a sampleis obtained with a coring bit. It cuts a clean cylinder of rock, from which can be seen thestrata the drill has been cutting through. Once we get down to the oil, it usually flows tothe surface because great pressure, either from or water, is pushing it. This pressure mustbe under control, and we control it by means of the mud which we circulate down the drillpipe. We endeavour to avoid the old, romantic idea of a gusher, which wastes oil and gas. Wewant it to stay down the hole until we can lead it off in a controlled manner.T.F.GASKELL The Search for the Earth's Minerals from Discovery

　　New words and expressions 生词和短语

　　mineral

　　adj. 矿物的

　　boring

　　n. 钻孔

　　derrick

　　n. 井架

　　block and tackle

　　滑轮组

　　haul

　　v. 拖，拉

　　rotate

　　v. 使转动

　　cutting bit

　　钻头

　　geologist

　　n. 地质学家

　　coring

　　取芯钻头

　　cylinder

　　n. 圆柱体

　　strata

　　n. 岩层[复]([单]stratum或strata [误用])

　　circulate

　　v. 注入，环流

　　gusher

　　n. 喷油井

　　参考译文

　　在所有洞穴中，为寻找石油所钻出的洞是最深的，这些洞可深达25,000英尺。但是，我们不必像开采其他矿藏那样，把人送到地下去把石油取出。这些洞只不过是一些钻孔，直径不到1英尺。我是专门搞石油的，寻找石油比其他任何采矿业对改进钻探作的贡献都要大。当确定钻孔地点后，我们就在那里竖起一个井架。井架必须很高，因为它像一个巨型滑轮组。我们必须把很长的钻杆一节节地钻入地下，然后再从地下拉出来。钻杆顶部安装的发动机带动钻杆旋转，它的底部装有钻头。地质学家需要知道钻头已以到达什么样的岩层，因此时常要用芯钻头取样。这种钻头能切割一段光滑的圆柱形岩石，从中能看出所钻透的地层。一旦到达油层，石油就会由于地下巨大的压力流到地面上来，这种巨大的压力来自地下天然气或水。这种压力必须加以控制，我们让泥桨顺着钻杆向下循环，用这种方法来控制压力。我们尽量避免使用陈旧天真的喷井方法，那样会浪费石油和天然气。我们要让石油留在井下，直到我们能用一种有控制的方法把它引上来为止。

　　Lesson 14

　　The Butterfly Effect

　　蝴蝶效应

　　Why do small errors make it impossible to predict the weather system with a high degree of accuracy?

　　Beyond two or three days, the world's best weather forecasts are speculative, and beyond six or seven they are worthless.

　　The Butterfly Effect is the reason. For small pieces of weather -- and to a global forecaster, small can mean thunderstorms and blizzards -- any prediction deteriorates rapidly. Errors and uncertainties multiply, cascading upward through a chain of turbulent features, from dust devils and squalls up to continent-size eddies that only satellites can see.

　　The modern weather models work with a grid of points of the order of sixty miles apart, and even so, some starting data has to guessed, since ground stations and satellites cannot see everywhere. But suppose the earth could be covered with sensors spaced one foot apart, rising at one-foot intervals all the way to the top of the atmosphere. Suppose every sensor gives perfectly accurate readings of temperature, pressure, humidity, and any other quantity a meteorologist would want. Precisely at noon an infinitely powerful computer takes all the data and calculates what will happen at each point at 12.01, then 1202, then 12.03...

　　The computer will still be unable to predict whether Princeton, New Jersey, will have sun or rain on a day one month away. At noon the spaces between the sensors will hide fluctuations that the computer will not know about, tiny deviations from the average. By 12.01, those fluctuations will already have created small errors one foot away. Soon the errors will have multiplied to the ten-foot scale, and so on up to the size of the globe.

　　JAMES GLEICK, Chaos

　　New words and expressions 生词和短语

　　forecast

　　n. 预报

　　speculative

　　adj. 推测的

　　blizzard

　　n. 暴风雪

　　deteriorate

　　v. 变坏

　　multiply

　　v. 增加

　　cascade

　　v. 瀑布似地落下

　　turbulent

　　adj. 狂暴的

　　dust devil

　　小尘暴，尘旋风

　　squall

　　n. 暴风

　　eddy

　　n. 旋涡

　　grid

　　n. 坐标方格

　　sensor

　　n. 传感器

　　humidity

　　n. 温度

　　meteorologist

　　n. 气象学家

　　Princeton

　　n. 普林斯顿(美国城市名)

　　New Jersey

　　n. 新泽西(美国州名)

　　fluctuation

　　n. 起伏，波动

　　deviation

　　n. 偏差

　　参考译文

　　世界上的两三天以上的天气预报具有很强的猜测性，如果超过六七天，天气预报就没有了任何价值。

　　原因是蝴蝶效应。对于小片的恶劣天气 -- 对一个全球性的气象预报员来说，“小”可以意味着雷暴雨和暴风雪 -- 任何预测的质量会很快下降。错误和不可靠性上升，接踵而来的是一系列湍流的徵状，从小尘暴和暴风发展到只有卫星上可以看到的席卷整块大陆的旋涡。

　　现代气象模型以一个坐标图来显示，图中每个点大约是间隔60英里。既使是这样，有些开始时的资料也不得不依靠推测，因为地面工作站和卫星不可能看到地球上的每一个地方。假设地球上可以布满传感器，每个相隔1英尺，并按1英尺的间隔从地面一直排列到大气层的顶端。再假定每个传感器都极极端准确地读出了温度、气压、温度和气象学家需要的任何其他数据。在正午时分，一个功能巨大的计算机搜集了所有的资料，并算出在每一个点上12：01、12：02、12：03时可能出现的情况。

　　计算机无法推断出1个月以后的某一天，新泽西州的普林斯顿究竟是晴天还是雨天。正午时分，传感器之间的距离会掩盖计算机无法知道的波动、任何偏平均值的变化。到12：01时，那些波动就已经会在1英尺远的地方造成偏差。很快这种偏差会增加到尺10英的范围，如此等等，一直到全球的范围。

　　Lesson 15

　　Secrecy in industry

　　工业中的秘密

　　First listen and then answer the following question.

　　听录音，然后回答以下问题。

　　Why is secrecy particularly important in the chemical industries?

　　Two factors weigh heavily against the effectiveness of scientific research in industry. One is the general atmosphere of secrecy in which it is carried out, the other the lack of freedom of the individual research worker. In so far as any inquiry is a secret one, it naturally limits all those engaged in carrying it out from effective contact with their fellow scientists either in other countries or in universities, or even, often enough, in other departments of the same firm. The degree of secrecy naturally varies considerably. Some of the bigger firms are engaged in researches which are of such general and fundamental nature that it is a positive advantage to them not to keep them secret. Yet a great many processes depending on such research are sought for with complete secrecy until the stage at which patents can be taken out. Even more processes are never patented at all but kept as secret processes. This applies particularly to chemical industries, where chance discoveries play a much larger part than they do in physical and mechanical industries. Sometimes the secrecy goes to such an extent that the whole nature of the research cannot be mentioned. Many firms, for instance, have great difficulty in obtaining technical or scientific books from libraries because they are unwilling to have names entered as having taken out such and such a book, for fear the agents of other firms should be able to trace the kind of research they are likely to be undertaking.

　　J.D. BERNAL The Social Function of Science

　　New words and expressions

　　secrecy

　　n. 秘密

　　effectiveness

　　n. 成效，效力

　　inquiry

　　n. 调查研究

　　positive

　　adj. 确实的

　　process

　　n. 过程

　　patent

　　n. 专利;

　　v. 得到专利权

　　agent

　　n. 情报人员

　　参考译文

　　有两个因素严重地妨碍工业中科学研究的效率：一是科研工作中普遍存在的保密气氛;二是研究人员缺乏个人自由。任何一项研究都涉及到保密，那些从事科研的人员自然受到了限制。他们不能和其他国家、其他大学、甚至往往不能与本公司的其他部门的同行们进行有效的接触。保密程度自然差别很大。某些大公司进行的研究属于一般和基础的研究，因此不保密对他们才有利。然而，依赖这种研究的很多工艺程序是在完全保密的情况下进行的，直到可以取得专利权的阶段为止。更多的工艺过程根本就不会取得专利权，而是作为秘方保存着。在这化学工业方面尤为突出。同物理和机械工业相比，化学工业中偶然发现的机会要多得多。有时，保密竟达到了这样的程度，即连研究工作的整个性质都不准提及。比如，很多公司向图书馆借阅科技书籍时感到困难，因为它们不愿让人家记下它们公司的名字和借阅的某一本书。他们生怕别的公司的情报人员据此摸到他们可能要从事的某项科研项目。

　　以上就是为大家整理的“新概念英语第四册手册【Lesson13、14、15】”，更多新概念英语的干货内容，欢迎访问新东方新概念英语课堂，查看新概念英语第四册答案、新概念英语第四册详解和新概念英语第四册听力可供参考。祝同学们学习新概念英语4顺利!

新东方在线英语水平测试