新概念英语第四册学习手册【Lesson34、35、36】

　　为了方便同学们的学习，为大家整理了新概念英语第四册学习手册，新概念英语作为一套世界闻名的英语教程，以其全新的教学理念，有趣的课文内容和全面的技能训练，深受广大英语学习者的欢迎和喜爱。希望以下内容能够为大家的新概念英语学习提供帮助!

　　Lesson 34

　　Adolescence

　　青春期

　　What do adolescents respect in parents?

　　Parents are often upset when their children praise the homes of their friends and regard it as a slur on their own cooking, or cleaning, or furniture, and often are foolish enough to let the adolescents see that they are annoyed. They may even accuse them of disloyalty, or make some spiteful remark about the friends' parents. Such loss of dignity and descent into childish behaviour on the part to their parents about the place or people they visit. Before very long the parents will be complaining that the child is so secretive and never tells them anything, but they seldom realize that they have brought this on themselves.

　　Disillusionment with the parents, however good and adequate they may be both as parents and as individuals, is to some degree inevitable. Most children have such a high ideal of their parents, unless the parents themselves have been unsatisfactory, that it can hardly hope to stand up to a realistic evaluation. Parents would be greatly surprised and deeply touched if they hope to stand up to a realistic evaluation. Parents would be greatly surprised and deeply touched if they realized how much belief their children usually have in their character and infallibility, and how much this faith means to a child. If parents were prepared for this adolescent reaction, and realized that it was a sign that the child was growing up and developing valuable powers of observation and independent judgment, they would not be so hurt, and therefore would not drive the child into opposition by resenting and resisting it.

　　The adolescent, with his passion for sincerity, always respects a parent who admits that he is wrong, or ignorant, or even that he has been unfair or unjust. What the child cannot forgive is the parent's refusal to admit these charges if the child knows them to be true.

　　Victorian parents believed that they kept their dignity by retreating behind an unreasoning authoritarian attitude; in fact they did nothing of the kind, but children were then too cowed to let them know how they really felt. Today we tend to go to the other extreme, but on the whole this is a healthier attitude both for the child and the parent. It is always wiser and safer to face up to reality, however painful it may be at the moment.

　　DOTID OFLUM Journey Through Adolescence

　　New words and expressions 生词和短语

　　adolescence

　　n.

　　slur

　　n. 青春期

　　adolescent

　　n. 底毁

　　disloyalty

　　n. 青少年(12-18岁)

　　spiteful

　　adj. 恶意的，怀恨的

　　disillusionment

　　n. 幻灭感

　　evaluation

　　n. 评价

　　infallibility

　　n. 一贯正确

　　resent

　　v. 怨恨

　　sincerity

　　n. 诚挚

　　victorian

　　adj. 维多利亚式的

　　retreat

　　v. 后退

　　unreasoning

　　adj. 不凭理智的

　　authoritarian

　　adj. 专制的

　　cow

　　v. 吓唬

　　参考译文

　　当家长听到孩子赞扬自己朋友的家时，总感到不安，认为孩子在嫌弃自家的饭菜、卫生、或家具，而且愚蠢地让孩子看出自己的烦恼。他们甚至责备孩子不忠，或者讲些小朋友家长的坏话。家长这种有失身份和孩子气的作法使青春期的孩子大为震惊，决心以后不再向父母讲述去过的地方和见过的人。不要很久,家长就会抱怨孩子守口如瓶，什么事也不告诉他们，殊不知这是他们自找的。

　　不管家长的人品有多么好，作为父母有多么合格，孩子们对家长幻想的破灭在某种程度上是不可避免的。除非父母自身不能令人满意，大多数孩子对父母估价过高，以致这种估价很难指望经受住现实的考验。如果家长意识到孩子们通常是多么相信家长的品行和绝对正确，意识到孩子们的这种信念会对孩子产生多么大的影响，那么家长会大为吃惊和深受感动的。如果家长对青少年的这种反应有思想准备，并且意识到这象征着孩子们正在成熟和正在发展宝贵的观察力、独立判断力，那么他们就不会那样伤心，也就不会由于怨恨和抵触这种反应，而把孩子推到自己的对立面去。

　　青少年酷爱真诚，对于能够承认错误或无知、甚至承认自己做得不分平或不公正的父母，他们总是尊敬的，孩子们所不能原谅的是：父母错了，孩子们也看出来了，可是做父母的还不肯承认。

　　维多利亚时代的父母认为，他们可靠无理的气派来维护自己的尊严，实际上那是根本不行的。孩子们只不过被吓得不敢让父母知道自己的想法罢了。虽然现在我们倾向于走向另一个极端，但总地来看，孩子和家长双方态度都比较端正。遇事采取面对现实的态度总是比较明智和稳妥的，尽管会有暂时的痛苦。

　　Lesson 35

　　Space odyssey

　　太空探索

　　When will it be possible for us to think seriously about colonising Mars?The Moon is likely to become the industrial hub of the Solar System, supplying therocket fuels fro its ships, easily obtainable from the lunar rocks in the from of liquidoxygen. The reason lies in its gravity. Because the Moon has only an eightieth of theEarth's mass, it requires 97 per cent less energy to travel the quarter of a million milesfrom the Moon to Earth-orbit than the 200 mile-journey from Earth's surface into orbit!This may sound fantastic, but it is easily calculated. To escape from the Earth in arocket, one must travel at seven miles per second. The comparable speed from the Moon isonly 1.5 miles per second. Because the gravity on the Moon's surface is only a sixth ofEarth's (remember how easily the Apollo astronauts bounded along), it takes much less energyto accelerate to that 1.5 miles per second than it does on Earth. Moon-dwellers will be ableto fly in space at only three per cent of the cost of similar journeys by their terrestrialdwellers will be able to fly in space at only three per cent of the cost of similar journeysby their terrestrial cousins.Arthur C. Clark once suggested a revolutionary idea passes through three phases:1 'It's impossible -- don't waste my time.'2 'It's possible, but not worth doing.'3 'I said it was a good idea all along.'The idea of colonising Mars -- a world 160 times more distant time the Moon -- will movedecisively from the second phase to the third, when a significant number of people areliving permanently in space. Mars has an extraordinary fascination for would-be voyagers.America, Russia and Europe are filled with enthusiasts -- many of them serious and seniorscientists -- who dream of sending people to it. Their aim is understandable. It is the oneworld in the Solar System that is most like the Earth. It is a world of red sandy deserts(hence its name -- the Red Planet), cloudless skies, savage sandstorms, chasms wider thanthe Grand Canyon and at least one mountain more than twice as tall as Everest. It seemsideal for settlement.7 DAYS, February 19, 1989

　　New words and expressions 生词和短语

　　hub

　　n. (活动的)中心

　　lunar

　　adj. 月球的

　　oxygen

　　n. 氧气

　　Apollo

　　n. 阿波罗

　　accelerate

　　v. 加速

　　terrestrial

　　adj. 地球的

　　permanently

　　adv. 永远地

　　fascination

　　n. 魅力

　　senior

　　adj. 资历深的，年长的

　　chasm

　　n. 断层，裂口

　　canyon

　　n. 峡谷

　　参考译文

　　月球很可能成为太阳系的工业中心。从月球上的岩石中很容易提炼出液态氧，作为航天飞船的燃料。其原因在于月球的重力。因为月球的重只有地球的1/8，因此，从月球到地球的25万英里所消耗的能量要比从地球表面进入地球轨道的200英里所耗能量少97%。这点听起来令人难以置信，但却很容易计算出来。要乘坐一枚火箭飞离地球，火箭的速度要达到每秒7英里，而从月球出发的相应速度史是每秒1.5英里。由于月球表面的重力仅是地球表面的1/6 -- 还记得阿波罗飞船中的宇航员累松地跳跃 -- 在月球上加速到每秒1.5英里比在地球上所用能源要少得多。月球居民在太空遨游的费用仅是地球上朋友飞越同样路所需费用的3%。亚瑟.C.克拉克曾提议，一种创新的想法要经过以下3个阶段：1 “根本不可能，不要浪费我的时间。”2 “可能，但不值得做。”3 “我一直说这是个好想法。”如果有相当数量的人永久性地住在太空，征服火星的计划 -- 一个比月球远160倍的星球 -- 就可以明确地从第2阶段进入第3阶段。火星对未来的星际旅客说有着特殊的魅力。美国、俄罗斯和欧洲都有许多热心此项事业的人 -- 其中的不少是认真和资深的科学家，他们一直梦想着把人送上火星。他们的目标是可以理解的。火星是太阳系里与地球最接近的一颗行星。这是一个红色沙漠的世界(因而得名：红色行星)，无云的天空，凶猛的沙暴，比大峡谷还宽的裂缝，起码有一座山有珠穆朗玛峰的近两倍高。看起来，它很合适居住。

　　Lesson 36

　　The cost of government

　　政府的开支

　　What is the most important factor, both in government or business, for keeping running costs low?

　　If a nation is essentially disunited, it is left to the government to hold it together. This increases the expense of government, and reduces correspondingly the amount of economic resources that could be used for developing the country. And it should not be forgotten how small those resources are in a poor and backward country. Where the cost of government is high, resources for development are correspondingly low.

　　This may be illustrated by comparing the position of a nation with that of a private business enterprise. An enterprise has to incur certain costs and expenses in order to stay in business. For our purposes, we are concerned only with one kind of cost -- the cost of managing and administering the business. Such administrative overheads in a business are analogous to the cost of government in a nation. The administrative overheads of a business are low to the extent that everyone working in the business can be trusted to behave in a way that best promotes the interests of the firm. If they can each be trusted to take such responsibilities. and to exercise such initiative as falls within their sphere, then administrative overheads will be low. It will be low because it will be necessary to have only one man looking after each job, then the business will require armies of administrators, checkers, and foremen and administrative overheads will rise correspondingly. As administrative overheads rise, so the earnings of the business after meeting he expense of administration, will fall; and the business will have less money to distribute as dividends or invest directly in its future progress and development.

　　It is precisely the same with a nation. To the extent that the people can be relied upon to behave in a loyal and responsible manner, the government does not require armies of police and civil servants to keep them in order. But if a nation is disunited, the government cannot be sure that the actions of the people will be in the interests of the nation; and it will have to watch, check, and control the people accordingly. A disunited nation therefore has to incur unduly high costs of government.

　　RAYMOND FROST The Backward Society

　　New words and expressions 生词和短语

　　disunited

　　adj. 分裂的

　　correspondingly

　　adv. 相应地

　　backward

　　adj. 落后的

　　incur

　　v. 承担

　　administer

　　v. 管理

　　adminstrative

　　adj. 行政管理的

　　analogous

　　adj. 类似的

　　overheads

　　n. 一般费用

　　initiative

　　n. 主动，积极性

　　checker

　　n. 检查人员

　　foreman

　　n. 监工

　　dividend

　　n. 红利

　　unduly

　　adv. 过度地

　　参考译文

　　如果一个国家实际上处于分裂状态，使之联合起来就是政府的事了。这样的一来就增加了政府的开支，从而相应地减少了可以用来了展国家的那部分经济资源。不应忘记，在一个贫穷落后的国家里，那部分财力是很有限的。凡是政府管理费用高的地方，用于发展国家经济的资金就会相应地减少。

　　把国家的状况同私人企业的状况加以比较，就可以看清这个问题。一个企业为了继续经营，不得不支出一定的费用和开销。就我们的目的而言，我们只关心一种费用 -- 企业行政管理费。一家企业的行政管理开支类似于一个国家的政府管理所用的开支。如果企业中的每个人都在真诚地为提高企业利润而工作，那么企业的管理费用就会降低到相应的程度。如果企业的每个人都信得过，人人都认真负责，在各自的工作范围内发挥主动性，行政管理费用就会降低。行政管理费用的降低的原因是：每项工作只需要一个人去完成，用不着另外再有一个人检查工作。督促他遵守章程，或向有关人士汇报他的工作。但是，如果企业中谁也不可信赖会对工作尽忠守职，那公企业就会需大批的管理人员、检查人员和带班人员，管理费用就会相应在增加。管理费用增加了，那么在扣除管理费用后，企业的收入就降低了。因此用于分红的金额就用于将来开拓和发展的投资就相应地减少了。

　　一个国家的情况也完全相同。如果人民忠于职守，举止规矩，能受到政府的信赖，那么政府就不需要大批的警察和文职人员运去促使人民遵纪守法。但是，如果一个国家处于分裂状态，政府不能相信人民的行动有利于国家，那么政府就不得不对人民进行监督、检查和控制。因此，一个处于分裂的国家必须要支付过高的行政管理费用。

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