新概念第四册笔记第55课

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　　Patterns of Culture

　　Custom has not been commonly regarded as a subject of any great moment. The inner workings of our own brains we feel to be uniquely worthy of investigation, but custom have a way of thinking, is behaviour at its most commonplace. As a matter of fact, it is the other way around. Traditional custom, taken the world over, is a mass of detailed behaviour more astonishing than what any one person can ever evolve in individual actions, no matter how aberrant. Yet that is a rather trivial aspect of the matter. The fact of first-rate importance is the predominant role that custom plays in experience and in belief, and the very great varieties it may manifest.

　　No man ever looks at the world with pristine eyes. He sees it edited by a definite set of customs and institutions and ways of thinking. Even in his philosophical probings he cannot go behind these stereotypes; his very concepts of the true and the false will still have reference to his particular traditional customs. John Dewey has said in all seriousness that the part played by custom in shaping the behaviour of the individual as over against any way in which he can affect traditional custom, is as the proportion of the total vocabulary of his mother tongue over against those words of his own baby talk that are taken up into the vernacular of his family. When one seriously studies the social orders that have had the opportunity to develop autonomously, the figure becomes no more than an exact and matter-off-fact observation. The life history of the individual is first and foremost an accommodation to the patterns and standards traditionally handed down in his community. From the moment of his birth the customs into which he is born shape his experience and behaviour. By the time he can talk, he is the little creature of his culture, and by the time he is grown and able to take part in its activities, its habits are his habits, its beliefs his beliefs, its impossibilities his impossibilities. Every child that is born into his group will share them with him, and no child born into one on the opposite side of the globe can ever achieve the thousandth part. There is no social problem it is more incumbent upon us to understand than this of the role of custom. Until we are intelligent as to its laws and varieties, the main complicating facts of human life must remain unintelligible.

　　The study of custom can be profitable only after certain preliminary propositions have been accepted, and some of these propositions have been violently opposed. In the first place any scientific study requires that there be no preferential weighting of one or another of the items in the series it selects for its consideration. In all the less controversial fields like the study of cacti or termites or the nature of nebulae, the necessary method of study is to group the relevant material and to take note of all possible variant forms and conditions. In this way we have learned all that we know of the laws of astronomy, or of the habits of the social insects, let us say. It is only in the study of man himself that the major social sciences have substituted the study of one local variation, that of Western civilization.

　　Anthropology was by definition impossible as long as these distinctions between ourselves and the primitive, ourselves and the barbarian, ourselves and the pagan, held sway over people's minds. It was necessary first to arrive at that degree, of sophistication where we no longer set our own belief over against our neighbour's superstition. It was necessary to recognize that these institutions which are based on the same premises, let us say the supernatural, must be considered together, our own among the rest.

　　New words and expressions

　　a way of thinking 一种想法

　　commonplace a.平凡的 口头语common

　　the other way around相反

　　aberrant a.脱离常轨的，异常的;(医)变异，失常

　　ab-表示"偏离，脱离或离开"=irregular

　　normal正常——abnormal不正常;use用——abuse滥用;

　　(近)eccentric怪异的;straying偏离的：a stray dog野狗;go astray步入歧途

　　trivial a.微不足道的，琐碎的triviality细节，琐事(见lesson12)

　　frist rate第一流 A-one第一等的，第一流的;topflight最棒的; second to none首屈一指;second to 次于

　　predominant a.占优势的，起支配作用的 predominace n. dominate统治地位

　　pre-前面的=superior,preponderate

　　paramount绝对重要; principal主要的;校长

　　manifest vt.清楚地表现 illustrate vi.举例说明;图解;加插图于;阐明vi.举例

　　portray绘画

　　pristine a.原始的(太古年代)(lesson27) (近)primitive原始的(一般);ancient古代的;prehistoric史前的

　　stereotype n.陈规(lesson5)break through打破

　　over against和……相比=be compared with

　　vernacular n.方言 (和外语相比较)母语，mother tongue的变体 (近)dialect方言(在一国内)

　　accent口音 vary from person to person因人而异

　　accommodation n.适应 v. accommodate容纳 He accommodates himself to sth.

　　accommodation to对……适应=adapt to, adjustment to 区别adoption采取，收养

　　incumbent a.义不容辞的，有责任的 结构：It is incumbent on sb.to do…

　　responsible有责任的 responsible for为……负责

　　proposition n.主张 来源：propose向……提议

　　Man proposes,God disposes.谋事在人，成事在天。

　　(近)tender投标，建议

　　unintelligible a.难理解的 intelligible可理解的

　　区别：intellectual 知识分子;intelligent聪明的

　　read—readable—unreadable;

　　comprehension—comprehensible—incomprehensible;

　　discern—discernable—undiscernable

　　preferential a.优先的 来源：prefer favorable有利的

　　prefer green tea to black prefer to green tea rather than black tea. black coffee=sugar free coffee现在国外最流行的：decaf coffee

　　controversial a.引起争论的 controversy n.论争(lesson39)

　　cactus n.仙人掌 复数形式：cacti拉丁变形

　　abacus算盘—abaci(pl.); alumnus校友—alumni(pl.)

　　termite n.白蚁

　　group vt.把……分类

　　variant a.不同的 variation n.变化;变奏曲

　　易混：various各种各样的;variety多样性

　　barbarian n.野蛮人=savage,vandal

　　pagan n.异教徒 相信不只有一个神的人或非基督教徒者

　　区别heretic异教徒 信邪教的人

　　hold sway over支配，掌握 Superstition holds sway over my brain/mind.

　　wield挥，统治，支配(lesson40)

　　sway(左右)摇;shake(上下)摇;swing(绕圈)摇

　　premise n.前提 大/小前提：major/minor premise

　　Only on the premise of equality,can we further negotiate.

　　institution n.惯例，风俗 长期的习惯，不一定要遵守(社会风俗)

　　custom不同部落，种族 When in Rome,do as the Romans do.

　　tradition有历史遗传(可指家庭习俗)

　　supernatural a.超自然的

　　Notes on the text

　　The basic background about this author:

　　Ruth Benedict (female)

　　She is a famous anthropologist.

　　"Cultural relativism"文化相关论

　　subject (=topic,theme)

　　great moment=significance重要性

　　The inner workings of our own brains…倒装句式

　　正常：we feel the…workings to be… 宾语前置，强调宾语

　　workings运作(可数名词)

　　uniquely独特的=only

　　worthy of值得

　　commonplace a.后省略名词level

　　We have a way of thinking.=as we view/see it

　　As a matter of fact作为一个事实而言(=in fact)

　　Traditional custom,taken the world over, is a mass of detailed behaviour more astonishing than what any one person can ever evolve in individual actions, no matter how aberrant.非常难句型

　　主语：Traditional custom 谓语：is a mass

　　mass大量=collection

　　is a mass=is a whole/total

　　taken被动语态，"采样"，"取样"

　　take the world over=throughout the world

　　detailed细致的 astonishing=surprising evolve进化(develop)

　　the predominant role一个主导作用

　　experience实践

　　in belief信仰，思维活动

　　it may manifest体现

　　variety多样性

　　第二段第一句话点出主题

　　pristine eye原始的眼光=pure纯洁的

　　edite编辑

　　definite一定形式的，有限的

　　set集合

　　custom习俗

　　institution惯例

　　ways of thinking思维方式

　　probing=research, studies研究

　　stereotype陈规，定式

　　very强调

　　very修饰名词表示强调

　　have reference to和……有关=be connected with

　　John Dewey(1859-…)"哲学思想"：learning by doing

　　in all seriousness=seriously

　　the part=the role

　　在某一方面，用介词in

　　as…as比较 第一个as后面，风俗对人的影响——人对风俗的影响

　　第二个as后面，母语总体的词汇比例——被吸收到家庭语言中的儿语

　　over against对比，与……比较

　　orders=different levels不同层面，不同阶层

　　have had虚拟

　　autonomously auto自动 autonomous自治的

　　figure省略用法=figure of speech

　　no more than正好，恰好=just

　　observation观察，证明

　　life history 生平

　　first and foremost=above all最重要，首先

　　accommodation适应

　　pattern行为模式

　　standard规范，标准

　　hand down=pass on流传下来

　　省略谓语

　　group种族=race

　　born into出生于

　　globe=earth

　　no——整体否定

　　cultural transmission文化传递

　　it is more incumbent upon us to understand…插入语

　　until直到

　　as to 名词=about 关于

　　complicating=difficult复杂

　　unintelligible难以理解的

　　not until直到……才

　　until直到……为止

　　profitable有利可图的=beneficial

　　preliminary基本，基础=basic

　　have been的用法：后面的动作，一定是要和前面构成一个完成，后面的完成才能引发前面

　　的动作

　　violently opposed强烈的反对

　　require虚拟

　　weighting称重

　　item选择的课题，项目

　　one of the items or another=on or another of the items

　　in all the less controversial fields…在不太令人争论的一些领域

　　nebulae星云

　　all that we know of…

　　that we know做all的后置定语

　　of 做all的后置定语

　　social insects群居生活的昆虫

　　let us say=so to speak

　　major social sciences主要的社会学

　　substitute替换，替代

　　that of 作同位语

　　anthropology人类学

　　as long as=if 只要，如果

　　degree of sophistication=understanding理解

　　set over against与……对比

　　these institutions这些习俗

　　指前面belief,superstition

　　Our among the rest 独立主格句

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